(1)Harkaath.
zer zabar pesh ko harkaath kehte hai.
isko jaldi padhe thoda bhi na khichie.

alif( آ ) hamesha khali hotha hai jo alif kali na ho  

vo  hamza hai.
(2)horfe madda(alif,vao,yaa,khadazaber,
khadi zer,ulta pesh)
horfe madda theen hai.
alif se pehle zaber ho.ya pe jazam ho osse
pehle ho.pesh pe jazam ho osse pehle pesh
ho.
khada zaber alif madda ke baraber hai.
khadi zer yaa madda ke baraber hai.
ultha pesh vao madda ke baraber hai.